2025학년도 3월 고3 전국연합학력평가 영어 21번 문제

 21. 밑줄 친 the tree was cut in the middle이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

The unity of science and philosophy in the old classical sense was perhaps best described by the famous tree of Descartes: The roots of this tree corresponded to metaphysics (the intelligible principles), the trunk to physics (statements of intermediate generality), and the branches and fruit to what we would call applied science. He regarded the whole system of science and philosophy as we today regard science alone; he felt that the metaphysical principles were ultimately justified by their "fruits," not merely by their self-evidence. What we today call applied science consisted for him not only in mechanics but also in medicine and ethics. The difficulty was that from the general principles of Cartesian or Aristotelian science philosophy no results could be derived which were precisely in agreement with observation, but these principles seemed to be intelligible and plausible. So the tree was cut in the middle. For the derivation of technical results, it was necessary to start from the physical principles in the trunk. Science in the new sense was to think only of how the fruits would develop from the trunk without regard to the roots.

* Cartesian: 데카르트의

* plausible:  그럴듯한

1. Science detached itself from philosophical foundations and shifted to deriving outcomes based on physical principles.

2. Metaphysics became the first priority above all as practical results took precedence over intelligible theory.

3. Results consistent with the observation were the utmost priority in Cartesian science philosophy.

4. Applied science moved toward being less reliant on both metaphysical and physical principles.

5. Science de-emphasized ethical considerations in favor of raw observations.

정답: 1번

unity

philosophy

classical

metaphysics 형이상학

intelligible 이해할 수 있는

applied science 응용 과학

self-evidence 자명함

ethics 윤리학

The unity of science and philosophy in the old classical sense was perhaps best described by the famous tree of Descartes:

고대 고전적 의미에서 과학과 철학의 통일성은 아마도 데카르트의 유명한 나무에 가장 잘 설명되어 있을 것입니다.

The roots of this tree corresponded to metaphysics (the intelligible principles), the trunk to physics (statements of intermediate generality), and the branches and fruit to what we would call applied science.

이 나무의 뿌리는 형이상학(지성 원리), 줄기는 물리학(중간 일반성의 진술), 그리고 가지와 열매는 우리가 응용 과학이라고 부르는 것에 상응합니다.

He regarded the whole system of science and philosophy as we today regard science alone;

그는 오늘날 우리가 과학만을 생각하는 방식으로 과학과 철학의 전체 체계를 바라봤습니다.

he felt that the metaphysical principles were ultimately justified by their "fruits," not merely by their self-evidence.

그는 형이상학적 원리들이 궁극적으로는 자명성만이 아니라 "열매"에 의해 정당화된다고 생각했습니다.

What we today call applied science consisted for him not only in mechanics but also in medicine and ethics.

오늘날 우리가 응용 과학이라고 부르는 것은 그에게 역학뿐만 아니라 의학과 윤리학에도 속했습니다.

The difficulty was that from the general principles of Cartesian or Aristotelian science philosophy no results could be derived which were precisely in agreement with observation, but these principles seemed to be intelligible and plausible.

문제는 데카르트나 아리스토텔레스 과학 철학의 일반 원리에서 관찰 결과와 정확히 일치하는 결과를 도출할 수 없었지만, 이러한 원리들은 지성적이고 그럴듯해 보였다는 것입니다.

So the tree was cut in the middle.

그래서 나무는 중간에서 잘렸습니다.

For the derivation of technical results, it was necessary to start from the physical principles in the trunk. Science in the new sense was to think only of how the fruits would develop from the trunk without regard to the roots.

기술적 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 줄기에 있는 물리적 원리에서 시작해야 했습니다. 새로운 의미의 과학은 뿌리는 고려하지 않고 줄기에서 열매가 어떻게 자랄지에만 집중하는 것이었습니다.

1. Science detached itself from philosophical foundations and shifted to deriving outcomes based on physical principles.

1. 과학은 철학적 토대에서 벗어나 물리적 원리에 기반한 결과를 도출하는 방향으로 전환했습니다.

2. Metaphysics became the first priority above all as practical results took precedence over intelligible theory.

2. 실용적인 결과가 지성적 이론보다 우선시되면서 형이상학이 무엇보다도 최우선 순위가 되었습니다.

3. Results consistent with the observation were the utmost priority in Cartesian science philosophy.

3. 데카르트의 과학 철학에서는 관찰과 일치하는 결과가 최우선 순위였습니다.

4. Applied science moved toward being less reliant on both metaphysical and physical principles.

4. 응용 과학은 형이상학적 원리와 물리적 원리 모두에 덜 의존하는 방향으로 나아갔습니다.

5. Science de-emphasized ethical considerations in favor of raw observations.

5. 과학은 윤리적 고려 사항을 덜 강조하고 순수한 관찰을 중시했습니다.